Arctic warming amplification and rapid sea ice decreasing have been occurring, which lead to an emergence of unprecedentedly challenging questions about not only the Arctic climate system itself, but its influence on the mid-latitude extreme weather and climate. In particular, the research on mid-latitude extreme weather and climate has increasingly become one of the most active research areas. Here the early explorations on the topic were reviewed, then the contemporary proposal of scientific hypotheses and questions, state of knowledge, and achieved consensus, open questions and key debates were summarized. At last, the existing common challenges and the way forward to reconcile knowledge gaps were put forward.